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each term

  • 1 Tags (labels) precede each term under consideration

    Математика: стоять (перед чем-либо)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Tags (labels) precede each term under consideration

  • 2 Tags precede each term under consideration

    Математика: (labels) стоять (перед чем-либо)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Tags precede each term under consideration

  • 3 term

    tə:m
    1. noun
    1) (a (usually limited) period of time: a term of imprisonment; a term of office.) período, etapa
    2) (a division of a school or university year: the autumn term.) trimestre (tres meses); cuatrimestre (cuatro meses); semestre (seis meses)
    3) (a word or expression: Myopia is a medical term for short-sightedness.) término
    •

    2. verb
    (to name or call: That kind of painting is termed `abstract'.)
    - in terms of
    term n
    1. trimestre
    2. término
    tr[tɜːm]
    1 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL trimestre nombre masculino
    2 (period of time) período
    3 (expression, word) término
    1 calificar de, llamar, denominar
    1 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL condiciones nombre femenino plural
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in the long/short term a largo/corto plazo
    in terms of en cuanto a
    on equal terms en igualdad de condiciones
    to be a contradiction in terms ser un contrasentido
    to be on good terms with somebody tener buenas relaciones con alguien
    to come to terms with something llegar a aceptar algo, adaptarse a algo
    to come to terms with somebody llegar a un arreglo con alguien
    term of office mandato
    term ['tərm] vt
    : calificar de, llamar, nombrar
    term n
    1) period: término m, plazo m, período m
    2) : término m (en matemáticas)
    3) word: término m, vocablo m
    legal terms: términos legales
    4) terms npl
    conditions: términos mpl, condiciones fpl
    5) terms npl
    relations: relaciones fpl
    to be on good terms with: tener buenas relaciones con
    6)
    in terms of : con respecto a, en cuanto a
    term (Of a contract, etc.)
    n.
    • condición s.f.
    n.
    • ciclo s.m.
    • condena s.f.
    • mandato s.m.
    • período (Jurisprudencia) s.m.
    • período escolar s.m.
    • plazo s.m.
    • semestre s.m.
    • trimestre s.m.
    • término s.m.
    • vocablo s.m.
    v.
    • calificar v.

    I tɜːrm, tɜːm
    1) noun
    2) ( word) término m

    in general/simple terms — en términos generales/lenguaje sencillo

    3)
    a) ( period) período m, periodo m

    in the short/long term — a corto/largo plazo

    b) (in school, university) trimestre m

    the fall o (BrE) autumn/spring/summer term — el primer/segundo/tercer trimestre

    c) ( to due date) plazo m
    4) terms pl
    ( conditions) condiciones fpl

    on equal terms — en igualdad de condiciones, en pie de igualdad

    terms of reference — ( of an inquiry) competencia f, atribuciones fpl y responsabilidades fpl

    5) ( relations) relaciones fpl

    to be on good/bad terms with somebody — estar* en buenas/malas relaciones con alguien, llevarse bien/mal con alguien

    they were on first name terms — se llamaban por el nombre de pila, ≈se tuteaban

    6)
    a) ( sense)

    in financial/social terms — desde el punto de vista financiero/social

    b)

    in terms of: I was thinking more in terms of... yo estaba pensando más bien en...; in terms of efficiency, our system is superior — en cuanto a eficiencia, nuestro sistema es superior


    II
    transitive verb calificar* de
    [tɜːm]
    1. N
    1) (=period) periodo m, período m ; (as President, governor, mayor) mandato m

    • in the long term — a largo plazo

    • in the longer term — a un plazo más largo

    • in the medium term — a medio plazo

    • during his term of office — bajo su mandato

    he will not seek a third term (of office) as mayor — no irá a por un tercer mandato de alcalde, no renovará por tercera vez su candidatura como alcalde

    • he is currently serving a seven-year prison term — actualmente está cumpliendo una condena de siete años

    • he served two terms as governor — ocupó el cargo de gobernador durante dos periodos de mandato

    • in the short term — a corto plazo

    • despite problems, she carried the baby to term — a pesar de los problemas llevó el embarazo a término

    2) (Educ) trimestre m

    in the autumn or (US) fall/spring/summer term — en el primer/segundo/tercer trimestre

    3) (Comm, Jur, Econ) (=period of validity) plazo m
    4) (=word) término m

    what do you understand by the term "radical"? — ¿qué entiende usted por (el término) "radical"?

    legal/medical terms — términos mpl legales/médicos

    • a term of abuse — un término ofensivo, un insulto

    • he spoke of it only in general terms — solo habló de ello en términos generales

    • he spoke of her in glowing terms — habló de ella en términos muy elogiosos

    • in simple terms — de forma sencilla

    • she condemned the attacks in the strongest terms — condenó los ataques de la forma más enérgica

    • technical term — tecnicismo m, término m técnico

    contradiction, uncertain
    5) (Math, Logic) término m
    6) terms
    a) (=conditions) condiciones fpl, términos mpl

    • to dictate terms (to sb) — poner condiciones (a algn)

    • we offer easy terms — ofrecemos facilidades de pago

    • terms of employment — condiciones fpl de empleo

    • to compete on equal terms — competir en igualdad de condiciones or en pie de igualdad

    • they accepted him on his own terms — lo aceptaron con las condiciones que él había puesto

    • terms of reference — (=brief) [of committee, inquiry] cometido m, instrucciones fpl ; [of study] ámbito m ; (=area of responsibility) responsabilidades fpl, competencia f ; (=common understanding) puntos mpl de referencia

    • terms of sale — condiciones fpl de venta

    • terms of trade — condiciones fpl de transacción

    - come to terms with sth
    b) (=relations)

    • to be on bad terms with sb — llevarse mal con algn, no tener buenas relaciones con algn

    • we're on first name terms with all the staff — nos tuteamos con todos los empleados

    • she is still on friendly terms with him — todavía mantiene una relación amistosa con él

    • to be on good terms with sb — llevarse bien con algn, tener buenas relaciones con algn

    • we're not on speaking terms at the moment — actualmente no nos hablamos

    c) (=sense)

    in terms of: in terms of production we are doing well — en cuanto a la producción vamos bien, por lo que se refiere or por lo que respecta a la producción vamos bien

    • in economic/ political terms — desde el punto de vista económico/político, en términos económicos/políticos

    • in practical terms this means that... — en la práctica esto significa que...

    • in real terms incomes have fallen — en términos reales los ingresos han bajado

    • seen in terms of its environmental impact, the project is a disaster — desde el punto de vista de su impacto en el medio ambiente, el proyecto es un desastre

    • we were thinking more in terms of an au pair — nuestra idea era más una au pair, teníamos en mente a una au pair

    2.
    VT (=designate) calificar de

    the problems of what is now termed "the mixed economy" — los problemas de lo que ahora se da en llamar "la economía mixta"

    3.
    CPD

    term insurance N — seguro m temporal

    term loan N — préstamo m a plazo fijo

    term paper N — (US) trabajo m escrito trimestral

    * * *

    I [tɜːrm, tɜːm]
    1) noun
    2) ( word) término m

    in general/simple terms — en términos generales/lenguaje sencillo

    3)
    a) ( period) período m, periodo m

    in the short/long term — a corto/largo plazo

    b) (in school, university) trimestre m

    the fall o (BrE) autumn/spring/summer term — el primer/segundo/tercer trimestre

    c) ( to due date) plazo m
    4) terms pl
    ( conditions) condiciones fpl

    on equal terms — en igualdad de condiciones, en pie de igualdad

    terms of reference — ( of an inquiry) competencia f, atribuciones fpl y responsabilidades fpl

    5) ( relations) relaciones fpl

    to be on good/bad terms with somebody — estar* en buenas/malas relaciones con alguien, llevarse bien/mal con alguien

    they were on first name terms — se llamaban por el nombre de pila, ≈se tuteaban

    6)
    a) ( sense)

    in financial/social terms — desde el punto de vista financiero/social

    b)

    in terms of: I was thinking more in terms of... yo estaba pensando más bien en...; in terms of efficiency, our system is superior — en cuanto a eficiencia, nuestro sistema es superior


    II
    transitive verb calificar* de

    English-spanish dictionary > term

  • 4 term

    1. noun
    1) (word expressing definite concept) [Fach]begriff, der

    legal/medical term — juristischer/medizinischer Fachausdruck

    term of reproach — Vorwurf, der

    in terms of money/politics — unter finanziellem/politischem Aspekt

    2) in pl. (conditions) Bedingungen

    he does everything on his own terms — er tut alles, wie er es für richtig hält

    come to or make terms [with somebody] — sich [mit jemandem] einigen

    come to terms [with each other] — sich einigen

    come to terms with something — (be able to accept something) mit etwas zurechtkommen; (resign oneself to something) sich mit etwas abfinden

    terms of reference — (Brit.) Aufgabenbereich, der

    3) in pl. (charges) Konditionen

    their terms are... — sie verlangen...

    4)

    in the short/long/medium term — kurz-/lang-/mittelfristig

    5) (Sch.) Halbjahr, das; (Univ.): (one of two/three/four divisions per year) Semester, das/Trimester, das/Quartal, das

    during term — während des Halbjahres/Semesters usw.

    out of term — in den Ferien

    end of term — Halbjahres-/Semesterende usw.

    6) (limited period) Zeitraum, der; (period of tenure)

    term [of office] — Amtszeit, die

    7) (period of imprisonment) Haftzeit, die
    8) in pl. (mode of expression) Worte

    praise in the highest terms — in den höchsten Tönen loben

    9) in pl. (relations)

    be on good/poor/friendly terms with somebody — mit jemandem auf gutem/schlechtem/freundschaftlichem Fuß stehen

    2. transitive verb
    * * *
    [tə:m] 1. noun
    1) (a (usually limited) period of time: a term of imprisonment; a term of office.) die Zeitdauer
    2) (a division of a school or university year: the autumn term.) das Semester
    3) (a word or expression: Myopia is a medical term for short-sightedness.) der Ausdruck
    •
    - academic.ru/112873/terms">terms
    2. verb
    (to name or call: That kind of painting is termed `abstract'.) bezeichnen als
    - come to terms
    - in terms of
    * * *
    [tɜ:m, AM tɜ:rm]
    I. n
    1. (of two) Semester nt; (of three) Trimester nt
    half-\term kurze Ferien, die zwischen den langen Ferien liegen, z.B. Pfingst-/Herbstferien
    2. (set duration of job) Amtszeit f
    \term of office Amtsperiode f, Amtszeit f
    3. (period of sentence)
    \term of imprisonment Haftdauer f
    prison \term Gefängnisstrafe f
    4. ECON ( form: duration of contract) Laufzeit f, Dauer f
    \term of a policy Vertragslaufzeit f
    5. no pl (anticipated date of birth) Geburtstermin m
    her last pregnancy went to \term bei ihrer letzten Schwangerschaft hat sie das Kind bis zum Schluss ausgetragen; (period)
    \term of pregnancy Schwangerschaft f
    6. (range) Dauer f
    in the long/medium/short \term lang-/mittel-/kurzfristig
    7. (phrase) Ausdruck m
    \term of abuse Schimpfwort nt
    \term of endearment Kosewort nt
    in layman's \terms einfach ausgedrückt
    to be on friendly \terms with sb mit jdm auf freundschaftlichem Fuß stehen
    generic \term Gattungsbegriff m
    in glowing \terms mit Begeisterung
    legal \term Rechtsbegriff m
    technical \term Fachausdruck m
    in no uncertain \terms unmissverständlich
    she told him what she thought in no uncertain \terms sie gab ihm unmissverständlich zu verstehen, was sie dachte
    II. vt
    ▪ to \term sth:
    I would \term his behaviour unacceptable ich würde sein Verhalten als inakzeptabel bezeichnen
    ▪ to \term sb [as] sth jdn als etw bezeichnen, jdn etw nennen
    * * *
    [tɜːm]
    1. n
    1) (= period of time) Dauer f, Zeitraum m; (of contract) Laufzeit f; (= limit) Frist f

    to set a term (of three years) for sth — etw (auf drei Jahre) befristen

    in the long/short term — auf lange/kurze Sicht

    at term (Fin) — bei Fälligkeit; (Med) zur rechten Zeit

    2) (SCH three in one year) Trimester nt; (four in one year) Vierteljahr nt, Quartal nt; (two in one year) Halbjahr nt; (UNIV) Semester nt

    end-of-term exam — Examen nt am Ende eines Trimesters etc

    during or in term(-time) — während der Schulzeit; (Univ) während des Semesters

    3) (= expression) Ausdruck m
    4) (MATH, LOGIC) Term m

    in terms of production we are doing well — was die Produktion betrifft, stehen wir gut da

    in terms of money — geldlich, finanziell

    5) pl (= conditions) Bedingungen pl

    terms of surrender/service/sale/payment — Kapitulations-/Arbeits-/Verkaufs-/Zahlungsbedingungen pl

    terms of reference (of committee etc) — Aufgabenbereich m; (of thesis etc) Themenbereich m

    to buy sth on credit/easy terms — etw auf Kredit/auf Raten kaufen

    not on any terms — unter gar keinen Umständen

    to accept sb on his/her own terms — jdn nehmen, wie er/sie ist

    6) termspl

    (= relations) to be on good/bad terms with sb — gut/nicht (gut) mit jdm auskommen

    2. vt
    nennen, bezeichnen
    * * *
    term [tɜːm; US tɜrm]
    A s
    1. ( besonders Fach)Ausdruck, Bezeichnung f:
    legal term juristischer Fachausdruck;
    term of abuse Schimpfwort n, Beleidigung f; → endearment, technical 2
    2. pl Ausdrucksweise f, Worte pl, Denkkategorien pl:
    in terms ausdrücklich, in Worten;
    praise sb in the highest terms jemanden in den höchsten Tönen loben;
    condemn sth in the strongest terms etwas schärfstens verurteilen;
    in no uncertain terms unmissverständlich, klipp und klar umg;
    a) in Form von (od gen),
    b) im Sinne von (od gen),
    c) hinsichtlich (gen), bezüglich (gen),
    d) vom Standpunkt (gen), von … her,
    e) verglichen mit, im Verhältnis zu;
    in terms of literature literarisch (betrachtet), vom Literarischen her;
    in terms of purchasing power in Kaufkraft umgerechnet;
    think in economic terms in wirtschaftlichen Kategorien denken;
    think in terms of money (nur) in Mark und Pfennig denken; → plain1 A 4
    3. pl Wortlaut m:
    be in the following terms folgendermaßen lauten
    4. a) Zeit f, Dauer f:
    term (of imprisonment) JUR Freiheitsstrafe f;
    term of office Amtszeit, -dauer, -periode f;
    for a term of four years für die Dauer von vier Jahren;
    he is too old to serve a second term er ist zu alt für eine zweite Amtsperiode,
    b) (Zahlungs- etc) Frist f:
    on term WIRTSCH auf Zeit;
    in the long term auf lange Sicht, langfristig gesehen;
    term deposit WIRTSCH Termingeld n, -einlage f;
    term insurance WIRTSCH Risikolebensversicherung f
    5. WIRTSCH
    a) Laufzeit f (eines Vertrags etc)
    b) Termin m:
    set a term einen Termin festsetzen;
    at term zum festgelegten Termin
    6. a) Br SCHULE, UNIV Trimester n
    b) US UNIV Semester n, SCHULE Halbjahr n
    7. JUR Sitzungsperiode f
    8. pl (Vertrags- etc)Bedingungen pl, Bestimmungen pl:
    terms of delivery WIRTSCH Liefer(ungs)bedingungen;
    terms of trade Austauschverhältnis n (im Außenhandel);
    on easy terms zu günstigen Bedingungen;
    on the terms that … unter der Bedingung, dass …;
    come to terms handelseinig werden, sich einigen ( beide:
    with mit);
    come to terms with sich abfinden mit;
    come to terms with the past die Vergangenheit bewältigen;
    come to terms with the future die Zukunft(sentwicklungen) akzeptieren;
    bring to terms jemanden zur Annahme der Bedingungen bringen; → equal A 10, reference A 3
    9. pl Preise pl, Honorar n:
    what are your terms? was verlangen Sie?;
    I’ll give you special terms ich mache Ihnen einen Sonderpreis
    10. pl Beziehungen pl, Verhältnis n (zwischen Personen):
    be on good (bad, friendly) terms with auf gutem (schlechtem, freundschaftlichem) Fuße stehen mit;
    they are not on speaking terms sie sprechen nicht (mehr) miteinander
    11. pl gute Beziehungen pl:
    be on terms with sb mit jemandem gutstehen
    12. MATH
    a) Glied n:
    term of a sum Summand m (hinzuzuzählende Zahl),
    b) Ausdruck m (einer Gleichung)
    c) Geometrie: Grenze f (einer Linie)
    13. Logik: Begriff m: → contradiction 2, major A 5 a
    14. ARCH Grenzstein m, -säule f
    15. PHYSIOL
    a) errechneter Entbindungstermin:
    carry to (full) term ein Kind austragen;
    go ( oder be taken) to term ausgetragen werden;
    she is near her term sie steht kurz vor der Niederkunft,
    b) obs Menstruation f
    B v/t (be)nennen, bezeichnen als:
    he may be what is termed an egghead but … er mag das sein, was man einen Eierkopf nennt, aber …
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (word expressing definite concept) [Fach]begriff, der

    legal/medical term — juristischer/medizinischer Fachausdruck

    term of reproach — Vorwurf, der

    in terms of money/politics — unter finanziellem/politischem Aspekt

    2) in pl. (conditions) Bedingungen

    he does everything on his own terms — er tut alles, wie er es für richtig hält

    come to or make terms [with somebody] — sich [mit jemandem] einigen

    come to terms [with each other] — sich einigen

    come to terms with something — (be able to accept something) mit etwas zurechtkommen; (resign oneself to something) sich mit etwas abfinden

    terms of reference — (Brit.) Aufgabenbereich, der

    3) in pl. (charges) Konditionen

    their terms are... — sie verlangen...

    4)

    in the short/long/medium term — kurz-/lang-/mittelfristig

    5) (Sch.) Halbjahr, das; (Univ.): (one of two/three/four divisions per year) Semester, das/Trimester, das/Quartal, das

    during term — während des Halbjahres/Semesters usw.

    end of term — Halbjahres-/Semesterende usw.

    6) (limited period) Zeitraum, der; (period of tenure)

    term [of office] — Amtszeit, die

    7) (period of imprisonment) Haftzeit, die
    9) in pl. (relations)

    be on good/poor/friendly terms with somebody — mit jemandem auf gutem/schlechtem/freundschaftlichem Fuß stehen

    2. transitive verb
    * * *
    (school) n.
    Semester - n. n.
    Ausdruck -¨e m.
    Bedingung f.
    Begriff -e m.
    Frist -en f.
    Laufzeit -en f.
    Termin -e m.

    English-german dictionary > term

  • 5 term end date

    "The date at the end of a subscription. For example, in Microsoft Online Services, there are a variety of services that a customer may subscribe to, and each subscription has its own term length (e.g., 6 months, 12 months) and term end date."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > term end date

  • 6 Yearly Renewable Term

    . A term policy covering one year that is renewable each year without having to show insurability. . Small Business Taxes & Management 2 .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > Yearly Renewable Term

  • 7 Faults In Cloth

    There are many faults in grey cloth received from the loom and for which the manufacturer is held responsible. The most troublesome are those mentioned hereunder: - Warp Faults - Ends missing, floating ends, reedy, bare or badly covered cloth, faulty selvedges, oil stains, thick and thin places (see under each term). Weft Faults - Oil stains especially in doubled yarns, looped or ballooned weft, weft-bars, floats, thick and thin places, traps or smashes, box-marks (see under each term)

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Faults In Cloth

  • 8 Pugree

    PUGREE, PUGRI
    The vernacular term for turbans, formerly made in Dacca for Mohammedan wear. Turbans had various names according to use, some of them are as under (see each term): Puttee-Darpugri, Joore Dar Pugri, Nustalik, Khirkee, Dar-Pugri, Chak-veedar, Sethi, Mundeel, Surbund, Surbuttee, Morassa, Umamu, Dustar, Shumla.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Pugree

  • 9 Pugri

    PUGREE, PUGRI
    The vernacular term for turbans, formerly made in Dacca for Mohammedan wear. Turbans had various names according to use, some of them are as under (see each term): Puttee-Darpugri, Joore Dar Pugri, Nustalik, Khirkee, Dar-Pugri, Chak-veedar, Sethi, Mundeel, Surbund, Surbuttee, Morassa, Umamu, Dustar, Shumla.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Pugri

  • 10 factor

    1. сущ.
    1)
    а) общ. фактор, движущая сила
    See:
    See:
    2)
    а) мат. множитель
    б) мат., тех. коэффициент, показатель, фактор
    See:
    3) фин. фактор, факторинговая компания
    Syn:
    See:
    4)
    а) торг. комиссионер, фактор (посредник, участвующий в торговых операциях от своего имени, но за счет клиента и получающий за это определенное комиссионное вознаграждение)
    Syn:
    See:
    б) эк., юр., шотл. управляющий имением
    в) эк., юр., устар. агент, представитель, доверенное лицо
    5) т. граф. фактор (подграф, содержащий все вершины графа)
    2. гл.
    1) мат. разлагать на множители

    To factor out the common factor we divide each term by that factor, and write the common factor out front. — Чтобы вынести за скобки общий множитель, мы делим каждый показатель на этот множитель и записываем общий множитель перед скобками.

    Syn:
    2)

    If your business sells products or services to other businesses or governments on credit terms, you have the option to factor your receivables. — Если ваше предприятие продает товары или услуги другим предприятиям или государственным учреждениям в кредит, то у вас есть возможность продать свою дебиторскую задолженность факторинговой компании.

    See:
    б) фин. (осуществлять факторинговую деятельность, выступать в роли фактора, т. е. покупать дебиторскую задолженность)
    See:

    * * *
    фактор: 1) = factor-company; 2) = factor of production.
    * * *
    Агент (Фактор), факторинговая компания
    . Финансовая организация, которая покупает дебиторскую задолженность компании и взыскивает долги . посредник-комиссионер, консигнатор, основным направлением деятельности которого является кредитование клиентов. Инвестиционная деятельность .
    * * *
    «фактор»
    лицо или фирма, действующие в качестве агента в определенной области, которые обычно получают вознаграждение в зависимости от объема торговых сделок

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > factor

  • 11 Jeans

    Cotton cloth generally dyed or bleached and used for linings. The weave is the 3-shaft twill, weft face, made in widths 27-in. to 44-in. A good shipping cloth for Egypt, Persia and other markets is 42-in., 52 ends and 88 picks per inch, 36's T., 28's W. If made warp face it is known as a drill and used for children's suitings, corsets, boot linings, etc. A good example of this is 31-in., 100 yards, 81 ends and 62 picks per inch, 18's T., 28's twist-way weft, 281/2-lb. Jeans, Jeanettes, Reversed Jeanettes and Cashmeres (cotton) are all made with the 2 & 1 twill weave, and are very similar. Jeans are the heaviest cloths, Jeanettes and Cashmeres are the same cloth, and when twist-way weft is used the cloth is a Reversed Jeanette. Standard makes of each term are: -

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Jeans

  • 12 Jora

    A Mohammedan's dress suit and comprises: (1) the Dustar or turban; (2) the Minah; (3) the Jamah; (4) the Kummerbund; (5) the Izar (see under each term)

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Jora

  • 13 Saree

    An article of women's attire. It is a long scarf which envelops the body and acts as a covering to the head. Among the poorer classes during hot weather the saree is the only article of dress worn. The following are some of the terms used in different parts of India. See each term for details: - Boonnee, Kilnya, Dhoti, Chadur, Choddur, Chudder, Dadhie, Putta, Tamieng, Chundur Kala, Sulleedar, Chunderkora.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Saree

  • 14 Silk Waste (Raw)

    There are several kinds of waste silk as follows: - Watt silk. Floss or Frissons, Rigotti, Wadding, Neri, Galettame, Basinetto, Cocons, Perves, Piques, Tarmate, Rugginose, Strussa, Fresonnets (see each term). Also other varieties are given under the terms: - China, Curlies, China wastes, Indian waste, Kunba, Nankin Buttons, Pun-jum waste, Sychuen waste, Shanghai waste, and Steam waste.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Silk Waste (Raw)

  • 15 terminal

    A n
    1 ( at bus or railway station) terminus m ; Aviat aérogare f, terminal m ; rail terminal terminus m ; oil terminal terminal m pétrolier ; ferry terminal gare f maritime ; container ou freight terminal terminal m à container ;
    2 Comput terminal m ;
    3 Elec borne f.
    B adj
    1 ( last) [stage, point] terminal ; Bot [bud] terminal ; Med [illness, patient] ( incurable) incurable ; ( at final stage) en phase terminale ; fig [boredom] mortel/-elle ○ ; she is suffering from terminal cancer elle est atteinte d'un cancer incurable ; to be in terminal decline subir un déclin irréversible ; the terminal crisis of capitalism/communism les derniers soubresauts or la crise finale du capitalisme/communisme ;
    2 Comm, Sch ( occurring each term) trimestriel/-ielle ;
    3 Ling [element, symbol] terminal.

    Big English-French dictionary > terminal

  • 16 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 17 switchboard

    1. распределительный щит
    2. распределительное устройство
    3. НКУ распределения и управления
    4. коммутационный щит
    5. коммутаторная панель
    6. коммутатор

     

    коммутатор
    Устройство, обеспечивающее посредством включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей выбор требуемой выходной цепи и соединение с ней входной цепи
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    Тематики

    • аппарат, изделие, устройство...

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    коммутаторная панель
    распределительный щит
    Устройство, конструктивно объединяющее несколько коммутационных элементов, предназначенных для включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей и каналов связи в ручном режиме.
    [Л.М. Невдяев. Телекоммуникационные технологии. Англо-русский толковый словарь-справочник. Под редакцией Ю.М. Горностаева. Москва, 2002]

    Тематики

    • электросвязь, основные понятия

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    коммутационный щит
    —
    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    EN

     

    низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
    Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

    низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
    Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
    Примечания
    1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
    2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
    3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
    [ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

    EN

    power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
    low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
    [IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

    low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
    combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
    [IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

    switchgear and controlgear
    a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
    [IEV number 441-11-01]

    switchgear and controlgear
    electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
    NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
    [IEV number 826-16-03 ]

    switchboard
    A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
    [ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

    switchboard
    One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
    [ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

    FR

    ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
    ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
    [IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

    appareillage, m
    matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
    NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
    [IEV number 826-16-03 ]

    appareillage
    terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
    [IEV number 441-11-01]


    A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
    Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
    The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
    1. Live-front vertical panels
    2. Dead-front boards
    3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

    [American electricians’ handbook]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

    Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

    The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

    It specifies in particular:

    > the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

    > the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

    All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

    Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

    A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

    Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

    What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.
    [Schneider Electric]

    НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

    Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

    Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

    В частности, он определяет:

    > распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

    > конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

    В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

    Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

    Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

    Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

    Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.
    [Перевод Интент]

     

    LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

    The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

    In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

    Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

    The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.
    [ABB]

    Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

    Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

    Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

    Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

    Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    • НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)

    Классификация

    >>>

    Действия

    Синонимы

    Сопутствующие термины

    EN

    DE

    • Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte

    FR

     

    распределительное устройство
    Распределительным устройством (РУ) называется электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая сборные и соединительные шины, коммутационные аппараты, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
    [РД 34.20.185-94]

    распределительное устройство
    Электроустановка, предназначенная для приема и распределения электрической энергии на одном напряжении и содержащая коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные шины [секции шин], устройства управления и защиты.
    Примечание. К устройствам управления относятся аппараты и связывающие их элементы обеспечивающие контроль, измерение, сигнализацию и выполнение команд.
    [ ГОСТ 24291-90]
    [ ГОСТ Р 53685-2009]

    электрическое распределительное устройство
    распределительное устройство
    Устройство, предназначенное для приема и распределения электроэнергии на одном напряжении и содержащее коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные соединительные устройства.
    Примечание. В состав распределительного устройства дополнительно могут входить устройства защиты и управления
    [ОСТ 45.55-99]

    распределительное устройство
    Электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая коммутационные аппараты, сборные и соединительные шины, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
    [ПОТ Р М-016-2001]
    [РД 153-34.0-03.150-00]

    устройство распределительное
    Совокупность аппаратов и приборов для приёма и распределения электроэнергии одного напряжения, вырабатываемой электростанцией или преобразуемой подстанцией
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    EN

    switching substation
    a substation which includes switchgear and usually busbars, but no power transformers
    [IEV number 605-01-02]

    FR

    poste de sectionnement
    poste de coupure
    poste comprenant des organes de manoeuvre et généralement des jeux de barres, à l'exclusion de transformateurs de puissance
    [IEV number 605-01-02]

    В качестве РУ 6—10 кВ используется сборка высокого напряжения с однополюсными разъединителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения и одна камера КСО с выключателем нагрузки и предохранителями для подключения трансформатора. Для РУ 0,4 кВ применяются сборки низкого напряжения с предохранителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения.
    На ПС применяются открытые (ОРУ), закрытые (ЗРУ) или комплектные (КРУ) распределительные устройства.

    [ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]

    КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ

    В общем случае ПС и РУ являются составной частью электроустановок, которые различаются:

    • по назначению:
      • генерирующие,
      • преобразовательно-распределительные,
      • потребительские.

        Генерирующие электроустановки служат для выработки электроэнергии, преобразовательно-распределительные электроустановки преобразуют электроэнергию в удобный для передачи и потребления вид, передают ее и распределяют между потребителями;

     Шкала номинальных напряжений ограничена сравнительно небольшим числом стандартных значений, благодаря чему изготавливается небольшое число типоразмеров машин и оборудования, а электросети выполняются более экономичными. В установках трехфазного тока номинальным напряжением принято считать напряжение между фазами (междуфазовое напряжение). Согласно ГОСТ 29322—92 установлена следующая шкала номинальных напряжений:

    для электросетей переменного тока частотой 50 Гц междуфазовое напряжение должно быть: 12, 24, 36, 42, 127, 220, 380 В; 3, 6, 10, 20, 35, 110, 150, 220, 330, 500, 750 и 1150 кВ;
    для электросетей постоянного тока: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 110, 220, 440, 660, 825, 3000 В и выше.

    Тупиковые ПС получают питание по одной или двум тупиковым ВЛ.

    Ответвительные ПС присоединяются ответвлением к одной или двум проходящим ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.

    Проходные ПС включаются в рассечку одной или двух проходящих ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.

    Узловые ПС кроме питающих имеют отходящие радиальные или транзитные ВЛ.

    • по способу управления ПС могут быть:
      • только с телесигнализацией,
      • телеуправляемыми с телесигнализацией,
      • с телесигнализацией и управлением с общеподстанционного пункта управления (ОПУ).


    Подстанции оперативно обслуживаются постоянным дежурным персоналом на щите управления, дежурными на дому или оперативно-выездными бригадами (ОВБ). Ремонт ПС осуществляется специализированными выездными бригадами централизованного ремонта или местным персоналом подстанции.

    В РУ напряжением до 1000 В провода, шины, аппараты, приборы и конструкции выбирают как по нормальным условиям работы (напряжению и току), так и по термическим и динамическим воздействиям токов коротких замыканий (КЗ) или предельно допустимой отключаемой мощности.

    В РУ и ПС напряжением выше 1000 В расстояния между электрооборудованием, аппаратами, токоведущими частями, изоляторами, ограждениями и конструкциями устанавливаются так, чтобы при нормальном режиме работы электроустановки возникающие физические явления (температура нагрева, электрическая дуга, выброс газов, искрение и др.) не могли привести к повреждению оборудования и КЗ.

    [ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]
     


    Several different classifications of switchgear can be made:

    A single line-up may incorporate several different types of devices, for example, air-insulated bus, vacuum circuit breakers, and manually operated switches may all exist in the same row of cubicles.

    Ratings, design, specifications and details of switchgear are set by a multitude of standards. In North America mostly IEEE and ANSI standards are used, much of the rest of the world uses IEC standards, sometimes with local national derivatives or variations.

    [Robert W. Smeaton (ed) Switchgear and Control Handbook 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, new York 1997]
    [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage_switchgear]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    распределительный щит
    Комплектное устройство, содержащее различную коммутационную аппаратуру, соединенное с одной или более отходящими электрическими цепями, питающееся от одной или более входящих цепей, вместе с зажимами для присоединения нейтральных и защитных проводников.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

    щит распределительный
    Электротехническое устройство, объединяющее коммутационную, регулирующую и защитную аппаратуру, а также контрольно-измерительные и сигнальные приборы
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    распределительный щит
    —
    [А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

    EN

    distribution board
    assembly containing different types of switchgear and controlgear associated with one or more outgoing electric circuits fed from one or more incoming electric circuits, together with terminals for the neutral and protective conductors.
    [IEV number 826-16-08]

    FR

    tableau de répartition, m
    ensemble comportant différents types d'appareillage associés à un ou plusieurs circuits électriques de départ alimentés par un ou plusieurs circuits électriques d'arrivée, ainsi que des bornes pour les conducteurs neutre et de protection.
    [IEV number 826-16-08]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    Distribution switchboards, including the Main LV Switchboard (MLVS), are critical to the dependability of an electrical installation. They must comply with well-defined standards governing the design and construction of LV switchgear assemblies

    A distribution switchboard is the point at which an incoming-power supply divides into separate circuits, each of which is controlled and protected by the fuses or switchgear of the switchboard. A distribution switchboard is divided into a number of functional units, each comprising all the electrical and mechanical elements that contribute to the fulfilment of a given function. It represents a key link in the dependability chain.

    Consequently, the type of distribution switchboard must be perfectly adapted to its application. Its design and construction must comply with applicable standards and working practises.
    [Schneider Electric]

    Распределительные щиты, включая главный распределительный щит низкого напряжения (ГРЩ), играют решающую роль в обеспечении надежности электроустановки. Они должны отвечать требованиям соответствующих стандартов, определяющих конструкцию и порядок изготовления НКУ распределения электроэнергии.

    В распределительном щите выполняется прием электроэнергии и ее распределение по отдельным цепям, каждая из которых контролируется и защищается плавкими предохранителями или автоматическими выключателями.
    Распределительный щит состоит из функциональных блоков, включающих в себя все электрические и механические элементы, необходимые для выполнения требуемой функции. Распределительный щит представляет собой ключевое звено в цепи обеспечения надежности.

    Тип распределительного щита должен соответствовать области применения. Конструкция и изготовление распределительного щита должны удовлетворять требованиям применимых стандартов и учитывать накопленную практику применения.
    [Перевод Интент]

     

    5654

    Рис. Schneider Electric

    With Prisma Plus G you can be sure to build 100% Schneider Electric switchboards that are safe, optimised:

    > All components (switchgear, distribution blocks, prefabricated connections, etc.) are perfectly rated and coordinated to work together;

    > All switchboard configurations, even the most demanding ones, have been tested.

    You can prove that your switchboard meets the current standards, at any time.
    You can be sure to build a reliable electrical installation and give your customers full satisfaction in terms of dependability and safety for people and the installation.

    Prisma Plus G with its discreet design, blends harmoniously into all tertiary and industrial buildings, including in entrance halls and passageways.

    With Prisma Plus G you can build just the right switchboard for your customer, sized precisely to fit costs and needs.

    With this complete, prefabricated and tested system, it's easy to upgrade your installation and still maintain the performance levels.

    > The wall-mounted and floor-standing enclosures combine easily with switchboards already in service.

    > Devices can be replaced or added at any time.
    [Schneider Electric]

    С помощью оболочек Prisma Plus G можно создавать безопасные распределительные щиты, на 100 % состоящие из изделий Schneider Electric:

    > все изделия (коммутационная аппаратура, распределительные блоки, готовые заводские соединения и т. д.) полностью совместимы механически и электрически;

    > все варианты компоновки распределительных щитов, в том числе для наиболее ответственных применений, прошли испытания.

    В любое время вы можете доказать, что ваши распределительные щиты полностью соответствуют требованиям действующих стандартов.

    Вы можете быть полностью уверены в том, что создаете надежные электроустановки, удовлетворяющие всем требованиям безопасности для людей и оборудования

    Благодаря строгому дизайну, распределительные щиты Prisma Plus G гармонично сочетаются с интерьером любого общественного или промышленного здания. Они хорошо смотрятся и в вестибюле, и в коридоре.

    Применяя оболочки Prisma Plus G можно создавать распределительные щиты, точно соответствующие требованиям заказчика как с точки зрения технических характеристик, так и стоимости.

    С помощью данной испытанной системы, содержащей все необходимые компоненты заводского изготовления можно легко модернизировать существующую электроустановку и поддерживать её уровни производительности.

    > Навесные и напольные оболочки можно легко присоединить к уже эксплуатируемым распределительным щитам.

    > Аппаратуру можно заменять или добавлять в любое время.
    [Перевод Интент]

     

    The switchboard, central to the electrical installation.

    Both the point of arrival of energy and a device for distribution to the site applications, the LV switchboard is the intelligence of the system, central to the electrical installation.
    [Schneider Electric]

    Распределительный щит – «сердце» электроустановки.
    Низковольтное комплектное устройство распределения является «сердцем» электроустановки, поскольку именно оно принимает электроэнергию из сети и распределяет её по территориально распределенным нагрузкам.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > switchboard

  • 18 abuse

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    [Swahili Word] matukano
    [Swahili Plural] matukano
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    [Derived Word] tukana V
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    [Swahili Word] shutumu
    [Swahili Plural] mashutumu
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    [Swahili Word] tushi
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    [Swahili Word] tusu
    [Swahili Plural] matushi
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    [Swahili Word] -safihi
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [English Example] (s)he abuses children
    [Swahili Example] Yeye anasafihi watoto
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -safii
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -sengenya
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -shutumu
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [English Example] (s)he was abused that (s)he is a thief
    [Swahili Example] Alishutuma kuwa yeye ni mwizi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -sibabi
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -sibu
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] Arabic
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -stihizai
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -stihizaya
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -subu
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] Arabic
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -taadi
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -tadi
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -tapisha
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Class] causative
    [Derived Word] tapika V
    [English Example] don't abuse and boast to me
    [Swahili Example] usin'tapishe na kunitambiatambia [Ma]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -tukana
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Swahili Example] ukome kuniandikiaandikia vijibarua vyako vya kunitukana [Ma]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse
    [Swahili Word] -amba
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] mwambaji
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse each other
    [Swahili Word] -raruana
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [English Example] This cloth will not rip.
    [Swahili Example] kitambaa hiki hakiraruki
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] abuse each other
    [Swahili Word] -semana
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [English Example] they abused each other after they were caught by police
    [Swahili Example] Walisemana wao kwa wao baada ya kukamatwa na polisi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] term of abuse
    [Swahili Word] nyoko!
    [Part of Speech] pronoun
    [Terminology] vulgar
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] term of abuse (scavenger?)
    [Swahili Word] kazoakazoa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] zoa
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] terms of abuse
    [Swahili Word] matushi
    [Swahili Plural] matushi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] tusha V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] terms of abuse
    [Swahili Word] matusi
    [Swahili Plural] matusi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] tusha V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] use abusive language
    [Swahili Word] -fioa
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] use abusive language
    [Swahili Word] -fyoa
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] use abusive language to each other
    [Swahili Word] -tukanana
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] vile abuse
    [Swahili Word] tusi
    [Swahili Plural] matusi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] tusha V
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > abuse

  • 19 Flax

    The following terms as given under the authority of the Ministry of Supply, are reprinted here with their permission. Flax Plants - of the species Linum usitatissimum cultivated for the production of seed or fibre or both. Flax, Fibre (Fibre Flax) - The variety of flax cultivated mainly for fibre production. Flax, fibre strands, or bundles - The aggregates, about 32 in number, of ultimate fibres which run from the level of the seed leaves up to the top of the branches of the flax straw. They are each composed of large numbers of ultimate fibres overlapping each other. Flax Fibres, Ultimate - The component cellulose fibres, about 11/4-in. long by 1/1000-in. wide, making up the fibre system of the flax straw. Flax, Linseed - The variety of flax cultivated mainly for seed production. Flax Seed - The term usually applied to the seed of fibre flax. A bag of flax seed in Ireland is sometimes 31/2 bushels, but it is more usual now to put up seed in 1-cwt. bags as in England. A peck of flax seed weighs approximately 14-lb. Flax Seed, Blue Blossom - Seed of a blue-flowered variety of flax. Flax Seed, Commercial - Flax seed usually named after its country or place of origin, but without a pedigree and without guarantee as to colour of flower. Flax Seed Germination - That percentage by number of a sample of seed which shows visible signs of growth within a stated time when kept under standard conditions of temperature and moisture. Flax Seed Germination, Standard - An arbitrary standard of germination of 90 per cent or more, incorporated in the flax growers' contract of the Ministry of Supply. Flax Seed, Lital - The generic name given to pedigree flax seed of several strains bred by the Linen Industry Research Association, Lambeg, and derived from those initials. Flax Seed, Minty - Seed which has been attacked by species of mites, usually owing to it being cracked and too damp. It is characterised by a dusty appearance and a distinct musty sweet smell. Flax Seed, Mixed Blue Blossom - A term used in Northern Ireland for seed from two or more blue-blossomed pedigree flaxes mixed together. Flax Seed, Pedigree - Seed of a strain of flax which has been improved by some recognised system of flax breeding and originally derived from the bulking of the seed from a single flax plant. Flax Seed, Plimmed - A local term for seed which has swollen through excess of moisture. Flax Seed Purity - That percentage by weight of seed taken from bulk which consists of whole flax seeds. Flax Seed Purity, Standard - An arbitrary standard of purity of 96 per cent or more with a weed seed content of 0.25 per cent or less, incorporated in the flax growers' contract of the Ministry of Supply. Flax Seed, Sowing - Seed of a germination and, purity making it acceptable for sowing. Flax Seed, Stormont - The generic name given to pedigree flax seed produced by the Plant Breeding Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland. Flax Seed, Weight per 1,000 - The weight in grams of 1,000 flax seeds picked at random from a sample. It is used as a measure of the plumpness and general quality of seed. Flax Seed, White Blossom - Seed of a white-flowered variety of flax. Flax Variety, Cross breeding - A method of flax breeding, based on fertilising the seed of a single plant of one strain by the pollen of a single plant of another strain and the study of the progeny. Flax Variety, Single Plant Selection - A method of flax breeding based on the study of a single self-fertilised flax plant and its progeny in subsequent generations. Linseed - The seed of linseed flax: and also of fibre flax when it is used for the same purposes as linseed. Moisture Content - To conform with the International ruling for seed testing the moisture content of flax seed should be expressed as a percentage of the original weight; the moisture content of other flax products being expressed as a percentage of the dry weight. Nomersan - A proprietary powder for dusting on flax seed as a prevention of certain seed-bome fungal diseases. Pickle - The term often applied to a single flax seed, i.e., a sample of seed is said to he of a large pickle or a small pickle. Weed Seed - The seed of any other species of plant present in a sample of flax seed.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Flax

  • 20 Warping

    General term for processes after winding concerned in preparing weaver's and knitter's warps. Methods of warping vary according to (1) the yarns employed (2) whether they are sized or not, and (3) at what state sizing takes place. There are at least seven methods of warp preparation, e.g., beam warping, direct warping, mill warping on vertical mills, section warping on horizontal mills and in cheeses on section blocks, Scotch dresser sizing, Scotch warp dressing, and Yorkshire warp dressing. Beam Warping is the system in general use for making grey cotton goods. The beam warper comprises a creel for the supply ends, which may be on double-flanged bobbins, cones or cheeses, and a beaming head which comprises mechanism for mounting and rotating a warper's beam and means for winding the yarn from the creel supply on to the beam under suitable tension. The number of ends and length of warp on a back or warper's beam is related to what is required in the weaver's beam. Assuming the weaver's beams were required to have 2928 ends, 24's warp, and 8 cuts of 96 yards each, the back beams for a set might have 2928: 6 = 488 ends, and 2 X 6 X 8 X 96 = 9216 yards. On the slasher sizing machine six back beams would be run together, thereby producing 12 weaver's beams each containing 2928 ends 768 yards long. Warp Beaming Speeds - With the old type of warp beaming machine taking supply from unrolling double-flanged bobbins, the warping speed would be about 70 yards per minute. In modern beam warpers taking supply overend from cones, the warping speed is up to 250 yards per minute. With beam barrels of 41/2-in. dia., and up to 500 yards per minute with barrels of 10-in. dia. Warp and Weft Knitted Fabrics - Warp knitted fabrics in which extra yarn is introduced in the form of weft threads which are laid in between the warp threads and their needles for the purpose of adding extra weight and for patterning purposes. Warp Loom Tapes - Narrow knitted fabrics usually less than one inch wide used for trimming garments. They are knitted on circular latch needle machines, but the tapes are flat. Direct Warping - A method used in making warps for towels, fustians, and other fabrics in which the total number of ends can be accommodated in one creel, say not more than 1,000 ends. The threads are run from the creel direct to the weaver's beam on a machine similar to that used in section beam warping. Mill Warping - There are two distinctly different methods of mill warping. On the vertical mill, which may be anything up to 20 yards in circumference, the number of ends in the complete warp is obtained by repeating the runs the required number of times, e.g., with 200 bobbins in the creel, 4 runs would give a warp of 800 ends. The length of the warp is determined by the number of revolutions made by the mill for each run. The horizontal mill is much used in Yorkshire for making woollen and worsted warps It is used to a small extent for cotton warps and is largely used for making silk and rayon warps. The mill or swift is usually about 5 yards in circumference. Its distinctive feature is the making of warps in sections which are wound on the mill in overlapping manner. The creel capacity varies from 250 to 600 ends, and with 500 ends in the creel a warp of 5,000 ends would require ten sections. Section Warping for Coloured Goods - This is a system of making coloured striped warps from hank-dyed and bleached yarns. The bobbins are creeled to pattern, one or more complete patterns to each section. Each section is the full length of the warp and is run on a small section block keywayed to fit a key on the shaft of the subsequent beaming machine where the sections are placed side by side and run on the weaver's beam. Scotch Dresser Sizing - There are two systems of warp preparation known as Scotch dressing. 1. Dresser sizing used for sizing warps for linen damasks, etc. Back beams are first made and placed in two beam creels, one on each side of the headstock. The threads from several back beams are collected in one sheet of yarn, sized by passage through a size-box, brushed by a revolving brush, dried by hot air, and passed vertically upwards where both sheets of warp threads are united and pass on to the weaver's beam in a single sheet. Scotch Warp Dressing - The other method of Scotch dressing is used in the preparation of coloured striped warps, usually from warp-dyed and bleached yarn. It consists in splitting off from ball warps previously dyed or bleached and sized, the number of ends of each colour required in the finished warp. Each group is then wound on separate flanged warpers' beams. These beams are placed in a creel and the ends drawn through a reed according to pattern, and wound finally on to the weavers' beams. Yorkshire Warp Dressing - This is a system used mostly in the preparation of coloured striped warps. It is also invaluable in preparing warps dyed and sized in warp form to prevent shadiness in the cloth. Four warps with the same number of ends in each are dyed the same colour, and in sleying, one end from each warp is put in each dent of the reed. Any tendency to shadiness arising from irregularity in dyeing is thereby effectively eliminated. In striped work the required ends are split off if necessary from a larger ball warp, sleyed to pattern in the reed, and then run under controlled tension on to the weaver's beam. The dresser uses a brush as long as the width of the warp to brush out entangled places where the threads have adhered together with size. Yorkshire dressing provides perfect warps with every thread in its proper place on the weaver's beam, no crossed or missing threads, and a minimum of knots.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Warping

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